Röntgenstrahlen / X-Rays pp 78-245
Abstract
The first knowledge of a characteristic X-ray spectrum was gained from the absorption experiments by C. G. Barkla and coworkers, who found the K- and L-series. In 1912 M. v. Lauesuggested that the atomic lattice of crystals could be used to produce interferences. W. H. and W. L. Bragg found the law for the selective reflection of X-rays. In 1913 H. G. J. Moseley made a survey of the K- and L-series of the elements and found the law that now bears his name. The characteristic K-absorption was first observed by M. De Broglie and interpreted by W. L. Braggand M. Siegbahn. During the following two decades M. Siegbahn and his coworkers introduced methods of precision measurement. The effect on X-ray absorption spectra of the chemical state of the absorber was observed by J. Bergengren in 1920. The influence on emisssion spectra by the chemical state of the emitter was observed by A. E. Lindh and O. Lundquist in 1924. The theory of X-ray spectra was worked out by A. Sommerfeld and others. In 1919 W. Stenström found the deviations from Braggs’ law and interpreted them as the effect of refraction. A. Larsson (now Nordxult) investigated the anomalous dispersion of X-rays in 1928. The two-crystal spectrometer was introduced in 1927 by W. Ehrenberg and G. v. Susich. This led to an increased understanding of the importance of the diffraction of X-rays. The principles of bent crystal spectrographs were formulated by Jesse W. DuMond and P. Kirk-Patrick in 1930. Instruments according to these principles were published by H. H. Johann 1931 (reflecting atomic planes parallel to the surface), Y. Cauchois 1932 (reflecting planes vertical to the surface) and T. Johansson 1932 (ground and bent crystal). The extended fine structure of X-ray absorption spectra was interpreted by R. De L. Kronig in 1932. In 1925 ruled gratings were adapted for X-ray purposes by A. H. Compton and R. L. Doan. In 1929/30 M. Siegbahn started manufacturing special X-ray gratings with an improved ruling technique. These developments were followed by an extension of the known region of X-ray spectra far into the ultraviolet region. The opening of this new field led to many important researches, one being the redetermination of the electronic charge by E. Backlin (1928 and 1935) and by J. A. Bearden(1929 and 1935). Another was the introduction of X-ray spectroscopy as a tool in solid state physics.
Hello, my name is Dr Abderrahmane Reggad. I'm a 51 year old and I am a researcher in materials' sciences. 
0 Comments